一.c,ctypes和python的資料型別的對應關係
ctypes type ctype Python type
c_char char 1-character string
c_wchar wchar_t 1-character unicode string
c_byte char int/long
c_ubyte unsigned char int/long
c_short short int/long
c_ushort unsigned short int/long
c_int int int/long
c_uint unsigned int int/long
c_long long int/long
c_ulong unsigned long int/long
c_longlong __int64 or long long int/long
c_ulonglong unsigned __int64 or unsigned long long int/long
c_float float float
c_double double float
c_char_p char * (NUL terminated) string or None
c_wchar_p wchar_t * (NUL terminated) unicode or None
c_void_p void * int/long or None
2.操作int
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>>> from ctypes import * >>> c=c_int(34) >>> c c_int(34) >>> c.value 34 >>> c.value=343 >>> c.value 343 |
3.操作字串
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>>> p=create_string_buffer(10) >>> p.raw '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' >>> p.value='fefefe' >>> p.raw 'fefefe\x00\x00\x00\x00' >>> p.value='fefeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee' #字串太長,報錯 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ValueError: string too long |
4.操作指標
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>>> i=c_int(999) >>> pi=pointer(i) >>> pi <__main__.LP_c_int object at 0x7f7be1983b00> >>> pi.value Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'LP_c_int' object has no attribute 'value' >>> pi.contents c_int(999) >>> pi.contents=c_long(34343) >>> pi.contents c_int(34343) |
- 通過pointer獲取一個值的指標
- 通過contents獲取一個指標的值
5.c的結構體
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#定義一個c的structure,包含兩個成員變數x和y >>> class POINT(Structure): ... _fields_=[('x',c_int),('y',c_int)] ... >>> point=POINT(2,4) >>> point <__main__.POINT object at 0x7f7be1983b90> >>> point.x,point.y (2, 4) >>> porint=POINT(y=2) >>> porint <__main__.POINT object at 0x7f7be1983cb0> >>> point=POINT(y=2) >>> point.x,point.y (0, 2) 定義一個型別為POINT的陣列 >>> POINT_ARRAY=POINT*3 >>> pa=POINT_ARRAY(POINT(2,3),POINT(2,4),POINT(2,5)) >>> for i in pa:print pa.y ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'POINT_Array_3' object has no attribute 'y' >>> for i in pa:print i.y ... 3 4 5 |
6.訪問so檔案
1.建立一個c檔案
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#include <stdio.h> int hello_world(){ printf("Hello World\n"); return 0; } int main(){ hello_world(); return 0; } |
2.編譯成動態連結庫
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gcc hello_world.c -fPIC -shared -o hello_world.so |
3.python中呼叫庫中的函式
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from ctypes import cdll c_lib=cdll.LoadLibrary('./hello_world.so') c_lib.hello_world() |
二.測試c的效能和python的差別
sum.c
#include
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int sum(int num){ long sum=0; int i =0; for( i=1;i<=num;i++){ sum=sum+i; }; return sum; } int main(){ printf("%d",sum(10)); return 0; } |
- 測試方案:計算1-100的和
- 測試次數:100萬次
1. 直接用c來執行,通linux 的time命令來記錄執行的用時
sum.c:
123456789101112131415#include <stdio.h>int sum(int num){long sum=0;int i =0;for( i=1;i<=num;i++){sum=sum+i;};return sum;}int main(){int i ;for (i=0;i<1000000;i++){sum(100);}return 0;測試結果的例子:
real 1.16
user 1.13
sys 0.01
2.通過Python呼叫so檔案和python的測試結果
sum_test.py:
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def sum_python(num): s = 0 for i in xrange(1,num+1): s += i return s from ctypes import cdll c_lib = cdll.LoadLibrary('./sum.so') def sum_c(num): return c_lib.sum(num) def test(num): import timeit t1 = timeit.Timer('c_lib.sum(%d)' % num, 'from __main__ import c_lib') t2 = timeit.Timer('sum_python(%d)' % num, 'from __main__ import sum_python') print 'c', t1.timeit(number=1000000) print 'python', t2.timeit(number=1000000) if __name__ == '__main__': test(100) |
測試結果的例子
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c 1.02756714821 python 7.90672802925 |
3.測試erlang的測試結果
剛剛學了erlang,那就一起測試一下erlang的運算效能
sum.erl:
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-module(sum). -export([sum/2,sum_test/2]). sum(0,Sum) -> Sum; sum(Num,Sum) -> sum(Num-1,Sum+Num). sum_test(Num,0) -> 0; sum_test(Num,Times) -> sum(Num,0), sum_test(Num,Times-1). |
呼叫:
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timer:tc(sum,sum_test,[100,1000000]). |
測試結果的例子:
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{2418486,0} |
4.測試結果
用上面的測試方法,進行10次測試,去除最大值和最小值,再計算平均值,得出:
Python呼叫c | 原生的c | Python | erlang |
---|---|---|---|
0.95 | 0.48 | 8.47 | 2.43 |
單位:秒
- 求和的執行,使用的記憶體比較小,但是佔用CPU資源比較多。
- 原生的C是最快的,Python呼叫c會稍微慢一點,原因是計算100的和的操作是在c裡面做的,而執行100萬次的邏輯是在python做的
- erlang的效能雖然比c稍慢,但是也是不錯的,
- Python的執行效率慘不忍睹。。。