Linux Crontab 定時任務命令詳解

lygle發表於2013-03-28

Linux

一. Crontab 介紹

crontab命令的功能是在一定的時間間隔排程一些命令的執行。

1.1 /etc/crontab 檔案

在/etc目錄下有一個crontab檔案，這裡存放有系統執行的一些排程程式。每個使用者可以建立自己的排程crontab。

如：

[root@dave ~]# cat /etc/crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

MAILTO=root

HOME=/

# run-parts

01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly

02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily

22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly

42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

1.2 /etc/cron.deny 和 /etc/cron.allow 檔案

/etc/cron.deny 表示不能使用crontab 命令的使用者

/etc/cron.allow 表示能使用crontab的使用者。

如果兩個檔案同時存在，那麼/etc/cron.allow 優先。

如果兩個檔案都不存在，那麼只有超級使用者可以安排作業。

每個使用者都會生成一個自己的crontab 檔案。這些檔案在/var/spool/cron目錄下：

如：

[root@dave ~]# cd /var/spool/cron

[root@dave cron]# ls

oracle root

我們直接檢視這個檔案，裡面的內容和對應使用者顯示的crontab -l 一致。

[root@dave cron]# cat oracle

00 6 * * * /u02/scripts/del_st_archive.sh >/u02/scripts/del_st_arch.log 2>&1

[root@dave cron]# cat root

0 12 * * * /root/bin/sync-clock.sh

[root@dave cron]#

二. Crontab 使用說明

2.1 Crontab語法

usage: crontab [-u user] file

crontab [-u user] [ -e | -l | -r ]

(default operation is replace, per 1003.2)

-e (edit user's crontab)

-l (list user's crontab)

-r (delete user's crontab)

-i (prompt before deleting user's crontab)

-s (selinux context)

其中，file是命令檔案的名字。如果在命令列中指定了這個檔案，那麼執行crontab命令，則將這個檔案拷貝到crontabs目錄下；如果在命令列中沒有制定這個檔案，crontab命令將接受標準輸入（鍵盤）上鍵入的命令，並將他們也存放在crontab目錄下。

幫助：

[root@dave ~]# man crontab

CRONTAB(1) CRONTAB(1)

NAME

crontab - maintain crontab files for individual users (ISC Cron V4.1)

SYNOPSIS

crontab [-u user] file

crontab [-u user] [-l | -r | -e] [-i] [-s]

DESCRIPTION

Crontab is the program used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron(8) daemon in ISC Cron. Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in /var/spool/ , they are not intended to be edited directly. For SELinux in mls mode can be even more crontabs - for each range. For more see selinux(8).

If the cron.allow file exists, then you must be listed therein in order to be allowed to use this command. If the cron.allow file does not exist but the cron.deny file does exist, then you must not be listed in the cron.deny file in order to use this command. If neither of these files exists, only the super user will be allowed to use this command.

OPTIONS

-u It specifies the name of the user whose crontab is to be tweaked. If this option is not given, crontab examines "your" crontab, i.e., the crontab of the person executing the command. Note that su(8) can confuse crontab and that if you are running inside of su(8) you should always use the -u option for safety¡¯s sake. The first form. of this command is used to install a new crontab from some named file or standard input if the pseudo-filename "-" is given.

-l The current crontab will be displayed on standard output.

-r The current crontab will be be removed.

-e This option is used to edit the current crontab using the editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables. After you exit from the edi-tor, the modified crontab will be installed automatically.

-i This option modifies the -r option to prompt the user for a ¡¯y/Y¡¯ response before actually removing the crontab.

-s It will append the current SELinux security context string as an MLS_LEVEL setting to the crontab file before editing / replacement occurs - see the documentation of MLS_LEVEL in crontab(5).

Linux Crontab 定時任務 命令詳解

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