《語法俱樂部》| 第十五章：對等連線詞與對等從句

對等連線詞（主要是and，or與but三個）用來連線句子中對等的兩個部分，要求對得越工整越好，我們從12個例子中學習這些重要的規則。這些句子都很長，還需要慢慢體會：

例1：

The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China and important as a transportation conduit as well, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia.（錯誤）

（長江是橫貫中國最重要的灌溉水源，同時也是重要的交通管道，數千年來孕育著中華文化）

這裡and連線的兩個部分，the most vital source是：

The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China and an important transportation conduit, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia.

例2：

Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered by decreasing environmental temperatures, food shortage, shorter periods of daylight, and by hormonal activity.（錯誤）

科學家認為引發冬眠的因素包括環境的氣溫下降、食物短缺、白晝縮短以及荷爾蒙作用

句子的結構是A、B、C、and by D，四個部分應該都是平行的，應該放置於單一的介詞之後形成by A、B、C、and D結構：

Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered by decreasing environmental temperatures, food shortage, shorter periods of daylight, and  hormonal activity.

例3：

Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth and generally harm the fetus.（孕婦吸菸可能妨礙胚胎髮育，對胚胎照成一般性的傷害）（錯誤）

這個句子是下面這個句子的簡化：

Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of the fetus, and it may generally harm the fetus.

兩個句子有 共同的fetus，但是前面的句子fetus是of的賓語，後一個句子fetus是harm的賓語，前面的句子固然可以省略掉fetus，但是要保留原來的of。正確的寫法是：

Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of and generally harm the fetus.

例4：

Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced the speed of calculation, the quality of graphics, the fun with computer games, and have lowered prices.

從內容上講前三個部分A、B、C是增加的部分，最後一個lowered prices是減少的部分，不適合使用對等連線詞and。應修改為：

Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced the speed of calculation, the quality of graphics and the fun with computer games while lowering prices.

例5：

Population density is very low in Canada, the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and it is the second largest in the whole world.

and連線的兩個部分中，雖然在意義上是對稱的，但是結構上不對稱：

Population density is very low in Canada, the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and the second largest in the whole world.

例6：

Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and with its superiority to the old one being proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over.（新的生產程式一旦排除安全方面的顧慮，並且證明它比舊的生產程式更好，這家工廠就沒有理由不作改變了）

and連線的兩個部分還原為：

The safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority the old one was proved.

重複部分的be動詞可以省略成：

Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over.

例7：

Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance, serving as sentinel and to sound a warning at the slightest threat, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and consequently nectar.

黑體部分的B1和B2與原有的A、C不對稱，修改為：

Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance, serving as sentinel and sounding a warning at the slightest threat, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and consequently nectar.

例8：

Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2400km to the Yellow Sea in the east and ranging from 4 to 12 m in width.

同樣的道理，and的右邊同左邊不對稱，修改為：

Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2400km to the Yellow Sea in the east and ranging ranges from 4 to 12 m in width.

例9：

The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving, but that the low-tech nature of the processing indicates that profit margins will not be as high as might be expected.

對等連線詞but連線的是：

句1：The large number of sizable orders suggests something good.

句2：The low-tech nature of the processing indicates something bag.

but的右邊應該與左邊的主要從句對稱，不應該使用that來引導。

例10：

Not only is China the world's most populous state but also the largest market in the 21st century

像not……only與but also之間的對等連線詞要求更為嚴格，改成倒裝句以後，but右邊只有了名詞短語，應該修改為完整的從句：

Not only is China the world's most populous state but it is also the largest market in the 21st century.

例11：

New radio stations are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or avoid politics completely , shirking the media's responsibility as a public watchdog.

either……or的兩個部分詞性不一樣，應該統一修改成形容詞：

New radio stations are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or completely apolitical, shirking the media's responsibility as a public watchdog.

例12：

Many modern-day scientists are not atheists, to whom there is no such thing as God; rather agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less his properties.

原句使用的是；和rather來連線，分號可以代替兩個連線詞來連線從句，但是不能取代對等連線詞來連線名詞短語，所以要使用not……but片語：

Many modern-day scientists are not atheists, to whom there no such thing as God, but agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties.