Tailwind CSS 使用指南

SRIGT發表於2024-03-16
AICSS

0x01 概述

（1）簡介

  • Tailwind CSS 官網：https://www.tailwindcss.cn/
  • Tailwind CSS 是一個 CSS 框架，使用初級“工具”類建立佈局
  • 如 Bootstrap 等傳統 CSS 框架，其使用的類通常與元件直接相關；然而，Tailwind 則採用了不同的方法，它將類作為工具集合，讓使用者能夠自由組合這些工具來構建個性化的自定義元件
  • 工具類是簡單的 HTML 類，其作用域通常為單個和特定 CSS 屬性，具有以下優勢
    • 根據目的命名
    • 易於理解和記憶
    • 作用淺顯易懂
    • 不存在命名不一致
    • 支援快速佈局建立和測試
  • Tailwind 有一個條件類，用於為斷點、響應狀態等命名

（2）基本環境配置

  • 程式碼文字編輯工具：VSCode 或其他
    • 推薦外掛：
      • 標籤重新命名：Auto Rename Tag
      • 實時載入：Live Server
      • PostCSS 語法支援：PostCSS Language Support
      • 程式碼格式化：Prettier
      • Tailwind 官方補全：Tailwind CSS IntelliSense
  • 包管理器：Node.js 或其他
  • （可選）版本控制：Git

（3）建立專案

  1. 在任意位置新建一個 index.html
  2. 使用 CDN 引入 Tailwind：https://cdn.tailwindcss.com/
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com/"></script>
  </head>
  <body></body>
</html>

0x02 基本原理

（1）使用顏色

  • 預設包含的顏色：

    black white red green blue orange
    yellow purple lime emerald teal cyan
    indigo violet fuchsia pink rose sky
    gray slate zinc neutral stone amber

  • 文字顏色：text-[color]-[shade]

    • color：顏色名稱
    • shade：色度，取值範圍為 100~900，不可對黑色或白色使用
    <p class="text-black">Color Black</p>
<p class="text-white">Color White</p>
<p class="text-red-500">Color Red 500</p>
<p class="text-blue-500">Color Blue 500</p>
<p class="text-gray-500">Color Gray 500</p>
<p class="text-green-500">Color Green 500</p>

  • 背景顏色：bg-[color]-[shade]

    <p class="bg-white">BgColor White</p>
<p class="bg-red-500">BgColor Red 500</p>
<p class="bg-black text-white">BgColor Black</p>

  • 下劃線顏色：underline decoration-[color]-[shade]

    • underline：新增下劃線
    <p class="underline">UlColor Default</p>
<p class="underline decoration-red-500">UlColor Red 500</p>
<p class="underline decoration-green-500">UlColor Green 500</p>

  • 邊框顏色：border border-[color]-[shade]

    • border：新增邊框
    <input type="text" class="border" />
<input type="text" class="border border-red-500" />
<input type="text" class="border border-green-500" />

  • 間隔顏色：divide-[direct] divide-[color]-[shade]

    • divide-[direct]：新增分隔，direct 表示分隔方向，取值 x-橫向、y-縱向
    <div class="divide-y divide-red-500">
  <div>Item 1</div>
  <div>Item 2</div>
  <div>Item 3</div>
</div>

  • 輪廓線顏色：outline outline-[color]-[shade]

    • outline：新增輪廓線
    <button class="outline">OlColor Default</button>
<button class="outline outline-red-500">OlColor Red 500</button>
<button class="outline outline-green-500">OlColor Green 500</button>

  • 盒子陰影顏色：shadow-[container] shadow-[color]-[shade(/opacity)]

    • shadow-[container]：新增陰影，container 表示陰影最大寬度，取值如下

      container width
      sm 640px
      md 768px
      lg 1024px
      xl 1280px
      2xl 1536px

    • (/opacity)：透明度，預設 100，取值 0~100

    <div class="shadow-lg">SdColor Red 500</div>
<div class="shadow-lg shadow-red-500">SdColor Red 500</div>
<div class="shadow-lg shadow-red-500/20">SdColor Red 500</div>

  • 強調顏色：accent-[color]-[shade]

    <input type="checkbox" checked />
<input type="checkbox" class="accent-red-500" checked />
<input type="checkbox" class="accent-green-500" checked />

  • 自定義顏色：-[(#xxxxx|rgb(r,g,b)|name)]

    • 十六進位制、RGB、名稱
    <p class="text-[#4682B4]">Color #4682B4</p>
<p class="text-[rgb(46,130,180)]">Color RGB(46,130,180)</p>
<p class="text-[steelblue]">Color Steelblue</p>

（2）容器與間距

  • 容器

    <div class="container mx-auto">
  <article>
    <h3>Title</h3>
    <p>Tailwind CSS is the only framework that I've
      seen scale on large teams. It’s easy to customize,
      adapts to any design, and the build size is tiny.</p>
  </article>
</div>
    • container：標記為容器
    • mx-auto：x 軸方向（橫向）上，外邊距（margin）自動

  • 外邊距：m?-[number]

    • m?：m-Margin、mt-MarginTop、ml-MarginLeft、mr-MarginRight、mb-MarginBottom
    • number=number * 0.25rem=number * 4px
      • 如：m-2 意思為 margin: 0.5rem
    <div class="bg-red-200 m-2">Margin 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 ml-2">Margin Left 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mr-2">Margin Right 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mt-2">Margin Top 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mb-2">Margin Bottom 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 m-[20px]">Margin 20px</div>

  • 內邊距：p?-[number]

    • p?：p-Padding、pt-PaddingTop、pl-PaddingLeft、pr-PaddingRight、pb-PaddingBottom
    • number=number * 0.25rem=number * 4px
    <div class="bg-red-200 mb-1 p-2">Padding 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mb-1 pl-2">Padding Left 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mb-1 pr-2">Padding Right 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mb-1 pt-2">Padding Top 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mb-1 pb-2">Padding Bottom 2</div>
<div class="bg-red-200 mb-1 p-[20px]">Padding 20px</div>

  • 間距：(-)space-[direct]-[number]

    • (-)：負間距
    • direct：間隔方向，取值 x-橫向、y-縱向
    • number=number * 0.25rem=number * 4px
    <div class="flex space-x-2">
  <div>Item 1</div>
  <div>Item 2</div>
  <div>Item 3</div>
</div>
<div class="flex flex-col space-x-2">
  <div>Item 1</div>
  <div>Item 2</div>
  <div>Item 3</div>
</div>
    • flex：採用 Flex 佈局
    • flex-col：Flex 佈局縱向

（3）版面設計

  • 字型：font-[family]

    <div class="font-sans">Font Sans</div>
<div class="font-serif">Font Serif</div>
<div class="font-mono">Font Mono</div>

    • 自定義字型族配置

      <head>
  <!-- ... -->>
  <script>
    tailwind.config = {
      theme: {
        fontFamily: {
          sans: ["Inter", "sans-serif"],
          serif: ["Inter", "serif"],
          mono: ["Inter", "monospace"]
        }
      }
    }
  </script>
</head>

  • 字號：text-[size]

    <div class="text-xs">Text Extra Small</div>
<div class="text-sm">Text Small</div>
<div class="text-base">Text Base</div>
<div class="text-lg">Text Large</div>
<div class="text-xl">Text Extra Large</div>
<div class="text-2xl">Text 2 Extra Large</div>
<div class="text-3xl">Text 3 Extra Large</div>

  • 字重：font-[weight]

    <div class="font-light">Font Light</div>
<div class="font-normal">Font Normal</div>
<div class="font-medium">Font Medium</div>
<div class="font-semibold">Font Semibold</div>
<div class="font-bold">Font Bold</div>

  • 字距：tracking-[space]

    <div class="tracking-tight">Tracking Tight</div>
<div class="tracking-normal">Tracking Normal</div>
<div class="tracking-wide">Tracking Wide</div>

  • 文字對齊：text-[direct]

    <div class="text-left">Text Left</div>
<div class="text-center">Text Center</div>
<div class="text-right">Text Right</div>

  • 下劃線重：decoration-[weight]

    <div class="underline decoration-2">Decoration 2</div>
<div class="underline decoration-4">Decoration 4</div>
<div class="underline decoration-8">Decoration 8</div>

  • 下劃線風格：decoration-[type]

    <div class="underline decoration-double">Decoration Double</div>
<div class="underline decoration-dotted">Decoration Dotted</div>
<div class="underline decoration-dashed">Decoration Dashed</div>
<div class="underline decoration-wavy">Decoration Wavy</div>

  • 裝飾偏移量：underline-offset-[number]

    <div class="underline underline-offset-2">Offset 2</div>
<div class="underline underline-offset-4">Offset 4</div>
<div class="underline underline-offset-8">Offset 8</div>

  • 文字變換：

    <p class="normal-case">Normal Case</p>
<p class="uppercase">uppercase</p>
<p class="lowercase">LOWERCASE</p>
<p class="capitalize">capitalize test</p>

（4）寬度與高度

  • 寬度：w-[number]

    • number 取值 0~48
    <div class="bg-black text-white mb-2 w-6">Width 1.5rem</div>
<div class="bg-black text-white mb-2 w-12">Width 3rem</div>
<div class="bg-black text-white mb-2 w-24">Width 6rem</div>

  • 百分比：w-[number_1]/[number_2]

    <div class="bg-black text-white mb-2 w-1/4">Width 25%</div>
<div class="bg-black text-white mb-2 w-1/3">Width 33%</div>
<div class="bg-black text-white mb-2 w-1/2">Width 50%</div>

  • 視點寬度

    <div class="bg-black text-white w-screen">Width 100vw</div>

  • 100% 容器

    <div class="bg-black text-white w-full">Width 100%</div>

  • 自定義寬度

    <div class="bg-black text-white w-[300px]">Width 300px</div>

  • 最大寬度：max-w-[size]

    <div class="bg-black text-white mx-auto max-w-xs">
  Tailwind CSS is the only framework that I've
  seen scale on large teams. It’s easy to customize,
  adapts to any design, and the build size is tiny.
</div>

  • 高度（大部分與寬度方法相同）：h-[number]

    • number 取值 0~96
    <div class="flex items-end">
  <div class="bg-black text-white w-20 h-24">Height 24</div>
  <div class="bg-black text-white w-20 h-48">Height 48</div>
  <div class="bg-black text-white w-20 h-72">Height 72</div>
  <div class="bg-black text-white w-20 h-96">Height 96</div>
</div>

  • 全屏高度

    <div class="bg-black text-white h-screen">Height 100vh</div>

（5）佈局與定位

  • 定位：相對定位與絕對定位

    <div class="relative w-1/2 h-12 bg-red-200">
  <p>Parent</p>
  <div class="absolute bottom-0 right-0 bg-red-700">
    <p>Child</p>
  </div>
</div>

  • 左上角

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute w-16 h-16 top-0 left-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 右上角

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute w-16 h-16 top-0 right-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 左下角

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute w-16 h-16 bottom-0 left-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 右下角

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute w-16 h-16 bottom-0 right-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 頂邊

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute h-16 top-0 inset-x-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 左邊

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute w-16 left-0 inset-y-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 右邊

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute w-16 right-0 inset-y-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 底邊

    <div class="relative w-32 h-32 bg-red-200">
  <div class="absolute h-16 bottom-0 inset-x-0 bg-red-700"></div>
</div>

  • 顯示方式

    <div>
  Tailwind CSS is the only framework that 
  <span class="text-red-500 inline">(Inline)</span>
  I've seen scale on large teams.
  <span class="text-red-500 inline-block">(Inline-block)</span>
  It’s easy to customize, adapts to any design,
  <span class="text-red-500 block">(Block)</span>
  and the build size is tiny.
  <span class="text-red-500 hidden">(Hidden)</span>
</div>

  • 層疊等級（Z 軸索引）：z-[number/auto]

    <div class="relative h-24">
  <div class="absolute left-0 w-24 h-24 bg-red-100 z-40">1</div>
  <div class="absolute left-20 w-24 h-24 bg-red-200 z-30">2</div>
  <div class="absolute left-40 w-24 h-24 bg-red-500 z-20">3</div>
  <div class="absolute left-60 w-24 h-24 bg-red-700 z-10">4</div>
  <div class="absolute left-80 w-24 h-24 bg-red-900">5</div>
</div>

  • 浮動：float-[left/right/none]

    <div class="h-24">
  <div class="w-24 h-24 bg-red-100 float-left">1</div>
  <div class="w-24 h-24 bg-red-200 inline-block">2</div>
</div>

（6）背景與陰影

  • 背景

    <div
  class="w-64 h-64 bg-cover bg-no-repeat bg-center"
  style="background-image: url('https://example.com/png');"
></div>

    • 大小

      bg-auto bg-cover bg-contain

    • 重複

      bg-repeat bg-no-repeat bg-repeat-x
      bg-repeat-y bg-repeat-round bg-repeat-space

    • 定位

      bg-center bg-top bg-bottom
      bg-left bg-left-top bg-left-bottom
      bg-right bg-right-top bg-right-bottom

    • attachment

      bg-fixed bg-local bg-scroll

  • 漸變：bg-gradient-to-[direct] from-[color]-[shade] to-[color]-[shade]

    <div class="h-24 bg-gradient-to-r from-red-500 to-blue-500"></div>

  • 陰影

    <div class="w-96 shadow-2xl">
  Consectetur velit laboris tempor laboris qui consequat eu minim ipsum nulla culpa aliquip ad.
</div>
    Tailwind Background Class CSS Code
    shadow-sm box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 0.05);
    shadow box-shadow: 0 1px 3px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1),
    0 1px 2px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
    shadow-md box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1),
    0 2px 4px -2px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
    shadow-lg box-shadow: 0 10px 15px -3px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1),
    0 4px 6px -4px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
    shadow-xl box-shadow: 0 20px 25px -5px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1)
    0 8px 10px -6px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
    shadow-2xl box-shadow: 0 25px 50px -12px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.25);
    shadow-inner box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 0.05);
    shadow-none box-shadow: 0 0 #0000;

  • 混合

    <div class="flex justify-center -space-x-24">
  <div class="mix-blend-multiply bg-red-500">
    Id ex deserunt velit excepteur deserunt tempor eu aliquip ipsum labore laboris.
  </div>
  <div class="mix-blend-multiply bg-blue-500">
    Adipisicing voluptate magna aute sunt consequat irure sint.
  </div>
</div>

（7）邊框

  • 寬度：border(-[direct])-[width]

    • (-[direct])：取值為 t、l、r、b、x 或 y，分別對應上、左、右、下、左右或上下
    • width：取值為 0、2、4 或 8，分別對應 0px、2px、4px、8px
    <div class="w-96 m-5 p-5 border-2">
  Amet commodo nisi quis irure velit Lorem enim anim commodo sunt aliquip officia quis.
</div>
<div class="w-96 m-5 p-5 border-x-4">
  Amet commodo nisi quis irure velit Lorem enim anim commodo sunt aliquip officia quis.
</div>
<div class="w-96 m-5 p-5 border-y-8">
  Amet commodo nisi quis irure velit Lorem enim anim commodo sunt aliquip officia quis.
</div>

  • 顏色

    詳見本章第（1）小節“邊框顏色”部分

  • 圓角：rounded(-[direct])(-[size])

    • (-[direct])：取值為 t、l、r、b、x 或 y，分別對應上、左、右、下、左右或上下
    • (-[size])：取值為 none、sm、【略】、md、lg、xl、2xl、3xl、full
    <div class="w-96 w-5 p-5 border-4 rounded-xl">
  Dolore deserunt sunt qui ut quis sunt anim do nostrud minim fugiat minim.
</div>

  • 輪廓線：outline(-[width])

    • (-[width])：取值為 0、1、2、4、8
    <button class="m-5 outline outline-8">Click</button>

（8）過濾器

  • 模糊：blur(-[size])

    • (-[size])：取值為 none、sm、【略】、md、lg、xl、2xl、3xl
    <div class="blur-sm">
  Do elit adipisicing cupidatat dolor excepteur nulla in incididunt.
</div>

  • 亮度：brightness-[number]

    • number：filter: brightness(number*0.1)
    <div class="h-16 bg-red-500 brightness-0">Brightness 0</div>
<div class="h-16 bg-red-500 brightness-100">Brightness 100</div>
<div class="h-16 bg-red-500 brightness-200">Brightness 200</div>

  • 對比度：contrast-[number]

    • number：filter: contrast(number*0.1)
    <div class="h-16 bg-red-500 contrast-0">Contrast 0</div>
<div class="h-16 bg-red-500 contrast-50">Contrast 50</div>
<div class="h-16 bg-red-500 contrast-200">Contrast 200</div>

  • 灰度

    <div class="h-16 bg-red-500 grayscale">Grayscale</div>

  • 反色

    <div class="h-16 bg-red-500 invert">Invert</div>

  • 褐化

    <div class="h-16 bg-red-500 sepia">Sepia</div>

  • Hue rotate：hue-rotateo-[number]

    • number：取值為 0、15、30、60、90、180
    <div class="h-16 bg-red-500 hue-rotate-0">Hue Rotate 0</div>
<div class="h-16 bg-red-500 hue-rotate-90">Hue Rotate 90</div>
<div class="h-16 bg-red-500 hue-rotate-180">Hue Rotate 180</div>

0x03 進階應用

（1）互動

  • 懸停：hover:

    <button class="bg-black text-white rounded-lg m-5 p-5 hover:bg-blue-200 hover:text-black">Click</button>

  • 聚焦：focus:

    <button class="bg-black text-white rounded-lg m-5 p-5 focus:bg-blue-200 focus:text-black">Click</button>

  • 觸發：active:

    <button class="bg-black text-white rounded-lg m-5 p-5 active:bg-blue-200 active:text-black">Click</button>

  • 設定內部元素樣式

    <div class="group block max-w-xs mx-auto rounded-lg p-6 bg-white shadow-lg space-y-3 hover:bg-red-500">
  <h3 class="hover:text-white">Title</h3>
  <p class="group-hover:text-white">Laboris tempor ex nisi deserunt labore anim et do in officia sint laborum.</p>
</div>

  • 偽類

    <ul>
  <li class="first:bg-red-500">Item 1</li>
  <li class="first:bg-red-500">Item 2</li>
  <li class="first:bg-red-500 even:bg-red-200 odd:bg-red-700">Item 3</li>
  <li class="first:bg-red-500 even:bg-red-200 odd:bg-red-700">Item 4</li>
  <li class="first:bg-red-500 even:bg-red-200 odd:bg-red-700">Item 5</li>
</ul>

  • 外觀

    • 一般用於重置瀏覽器或作業系統預設的樣式外觀
    <select class="border-4 border-red-500">
  <option value="1">True</option>
  <option value="0">False</option>
</select>
<select class="border-4 border-green-500 appearance-none">
  <option value="1">True</option>
  <option value="0">False</option>
</select>

  • 遊標：cursor-[type]

    • type 常見取值為

      auto default pointer wait text move help
      not-allowed none context-menu progress cell crosshair vertical-text
      ... 
    <div class="w-36 h-36 bg-red-500 cursor-pointer"></div>

  • 選中

    <div class="select-none">Select None</div>
<div class="select-text">Select Text</div>
<div class="select-all">Select All</div>
<div class="select-auto">Select Auto</div>

  • 平滑滾動示例

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="scroll-smooth">
  <head>
    <!-- ... -->
    <script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com/"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <a href="#bottom" class="block m-6 border-4 text-center">Go to Bottom</a>
    <div class="h-[1000px] bg-black"></div>
    <div id="bottom" class="h-4 text-center">Bottom</div>
  </body>
</html>

（2）斷點類與媒體查詢

  1. 視窗寬度實時監聽

    <body>
  <h1></h1>
  <script>
    function showBrowserWidth() {
      const width = window.innerWidth
      document.querySelector('h1').innerText = `Width: ${width}`
    }
    window.onload = showBrowserWidth
    window.onresize = showBrowserWidth
  </script>
</body>

  2. 修改 h1 標籤樣式，設定預設背景顏色

    <body class="bg-black">
  <h1 class="text-white text-4xl"></h1>
  <script>
    function showBrowserWidth() {
      const width = window.innerWidth
      document.querySelector('h1').innerText = `Width: ${width}`
    }
    window.onload = showBrowserWidth
    window.onresize = showBrowserWidth
  </script>
</body>

  3. 在 body 標籤中，根據視窗寬度設定背景顏色變化

    <body class="bg-black sm:bg-red-700">
  <!-- ... -->
</body>
    size min-width
    sm 640px
    md 768px
    lg 1024px
    xl 1280px
    2xl 1536px

（3）分欄

  • 基本列：columns-[number/type]

    • number：取值 1~12
    • type：取值 auto、3xs、2xs、xs、sm、md、lg、xl、2xl、3xl、4xl、5xl、6xl、7xl
    <div class="columns-3">
  <div class="w-full m-2 border-4 border-red-500">Proident ipsum consequat dolor deserunt.</div>
  <div class="w-full m-2 border-4 border-yellow-500">Proident ipsum consequat dolor deserunt.</div>
  <div class="w-full m-2 border-4 border-green-500">Proident ipsum consequat dolor deserunt.</div>
  <div class="w-full m-2 border-4 border-blue-500">Proident ipsum consequat dolor deserunt.</div>
</div>

  • 縱橫比：aspect-[type]

    <div class="columns-1">
  <div class="w-60 m-2 border-4 border-red-500 aspect-square">Proident ipsum consequat dolor deserunt.</div>
  <div class="w-60 m-2 border-4 border-blue-500 aspect-video">Proident ipsum consequat dolor deserunt.</div>
</div>

（4）Flexbox

  • Flex 與對齊

    1. 建立一個 Flexbox

      <div class="flex w-full h-72 bg-black">
  <div class="p-10 border border-red-500 bg-red-200">1</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-yellow-500 bg-yellow-200">2</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-green-500 bg-green-200">3</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-blue-500 bg-blue-200">4</div>
</div>

    2. 設定每項的對齊方向：items-[type]

      <div class="flex w-full h-72 bg-black items-center">
  <!-- ... -->
</div>

    3. 設定每項的對齊方式：justify-[type]

      <div class="flex w-full h-72 bg-black items-center justify-around">
  <!-- ... -->
</div>

    4. 設定換行，使某一項超出視窗：flex-wrap

      <div class="flex flex-wrap w-full h-72 bg-black items-center justify-around">
  <div class="p-10 border border-red-500 bg-red-200">1</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-yellow-500 bg-yellow-200">2</div>
  <div class="p-10 w-[300px] border border-green-500 bg-green-200">3</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-blue-500 bg-blue-200">4</div>
</div>

  • 列、間隙、順序

    1. 建立一個 Flexbox，設定為縱向排列

      <div class="flex flex-col w-72 bg-black">
  <div class="p-10 border border-red-500 bg-red-200">1</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-yellow-500 bg-yellow-200">2</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-green-500 bg-green-200">3</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-blue-500 bg-blue-200">4</div>
</div>

    2. 設定間隙：gap-[number]（number * 0.25rem）

      <div class="flex flex-col w-72 bg-black gap-4">
  <!-- ... -->
</div>

    3. 調整順序：order-[index]

      <div class="flex flex-col w-72 bg-black gap-4">
  <div class="p-10 border border-red-500 bg-red-200 order-2">1</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-yellow-500 bg-yellow-200 order-1">2</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-green-500 bg-green-200 order-4">3</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-blue-500 bg-blue-200 order-3">4</div>
</div>

  • 放大與縮小

    <div class="flex w-full bg-black">
  <div class="p-10 w-64 border border-red-500 bg-red-200">1</div>
  <div class="flex-none p-10 w-64 border border-yellow-500 bg-yellow-200">2</div>
  <div class="p-10 w-64 border border-green-500 bg-green-200">3</div>
  <div class="p-10 border border-blue-500 bg-blue-200">4</div>
  <div class="p-10 w-64 border border-gray-500 bg-gray-200">5</div>
</div>

（5）Grid

  • 模板列：grid-cols-[number/none]

    • number：取值為 1~12
    • 該語句等同於：grid-template-columns: repeat(number, minmax(0, 1fr));
    <div class="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 1</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 2</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 3</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 4</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 5</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 6</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 7</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 8</div>
  <div class="p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 9</div>
</div>

  • 模板行：grid-rows-[number/none]

    • number：取值為 1~6
    • 該語句等同於：grid-template-rows: repeat(number, minmax(0, 1fr));
    <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 grid-rows-4 bg-gray-200">
  <!-- ... -->
</div>

  • 跨行/列：[row/col]-span-[number]

    • row-span-[number]：跨 number 行
    • col-span-[number]：跨 number 列
    <div class="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">
  <div class="row-span-3 p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 1</div>
  <div class="md:col-span-2 p-10 border-4 border-red-200 bg-blue-200">Item 2</div>
  <!-- ... -->
</div>

（6）過渡與變換

初始按鈕：

<button class="m-4 px-8 py-4 text-white bg-blue-200 rounded hover:bg-blue-700">Click</button>

  • 過渡

    • transition-[type]：過渡型別，type 取值為 none、all、colors、opacity、shadow、transform
    • duration-[ms]：過渡時長，ms 取值為 75、100、150、200、300、500、700、1000
    • ease-[type]：過渡效果，type 取值為 linear、in、out、in-out
    • delay-[ms]：延時時長，ms 取值為 75、100、150、200、300、500、700、1000
    <button class="m-4 px-8 py-4 text-white bg-blue-200 rounded hover:bg-blue-700 transition-colors duration-700 ease-in delay-100">Click</button>

  • 變換

    • scale(-[axis])-[magnification]：縮放，axis 表示參照軸，取值為 x 或 y；magnification 表示縮放倍率，為 number%
    • rotate-[degree]：旋轉，degree 表示旋轉角度
    • translate-[axis]-[distance]：位移，axis 表示參照軸，取值為 x 或 y；distance 表示位移距離，整數為 number * 0.25rem，分數為佔比，full 為 100%，px 為 1px
    • skew-[direct]-[degree]：傾斜，axis 表示參照軸，取值為 x 或 y；degree 表示傾斜角度
    <button class="m-4 px-8 py-4 text-white bg-blue-200 rounded hover:scale-50 hover:rotate-12 hover:translate-x-2 hover:skew-x-12 duration-700">Click</button>

（7）動畫類與關鍵幀

  • animate-[property]：property 取值如下：

    • none：animation: none;

    • spin：旋轉

      animate: spin 1s linear infinite;
@keyframes spin {
    from {
        transform: rotate(0deg);
    }
    to {
        transform: rotate(360deg);
    }
}

    • ping：擴散

      animation: ping 1s cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1) infinite;
@keyframes ping {
    75%, 100% {
        transform: scale(2);
        opacity: 0;
    }
}

    • pulse：閃爍

      animation: pulse 2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.6, 1) infinite;
@keyframes pulse {
    0%, 100% {
        opacity: 1;
    }
    50% {
        opacity: .5;
    }
}

    • bounce：彈跳

      animation: bounce 1s infinite;
@keyframes bounce {
    0%, 100% {
        transform: translateY(-25%);
        animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.8, 0, 1, 1);
    }
    50% {
        transform: translateY(0);
        animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);
    }
}

    <div class="w-64 h-64 bg-red-200 rounded-full relative animate-ping">
  <div class="w-32 h-2 bg-gradient-to-r from-red-500 to-yellow-500 absolute right-0 top-1/2"></div>
</div>

  • 自定義動畫與關鍵幀

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <!-- ... -->
    <script>
      tailwind.config = {
        theme: {
          extend: {
            animation: {
              'slow-spin': 'spin 3s linear infinite',
              'custom': 'custom 1s linear infinite'
            },
            keyframes: {
              'custom': {
                '0%': {
                  transform: 'rotate(0deg)'
                },
                '90%, 100%': {
                  transform: 'rotate(360deg)'
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    </script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="w-64 h-64 bg-red-200 rounded-full relative animate-custom">
      <div class="w-32 h-2 bg-gradient-to-r from-red-500 to-yellow-500 absolute right-0 top-1/2"></div>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

（8）配置與客製化

  • 在 head 標籤中的 script 標籤中寫入配置

  • 配置格式：

    <script>
  tailwind.config = {
    theme: {
      extend: {
        'property-1': {
          'key-1-1': 'value-1-1',
        },
        'property-2': {
          'key-2-1': 'value-2-1',
        },
        // ...
      }
    }
  }
</script>

（9）夜間模式

  • 配置夜間模式樣式：dark:

    <div class="w-64 h-64 bg-white dark:bg-gray-900"></div>

  • 是否使用夜間模式，預設根據作業系統

  • 使用 Javascript 控制夜間模式

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <!-- ... -->
    <script>
      tailwind.config = {
        darkMode: "class",
      };
    </script>
    <style>
      .toggle-checkbox:checked {
        right: 0;
        border-color: #68d391;
      }
      .toggle-checkbox:checked + .toggle-label {
        background: #68d391;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div
      class="container mx-auto mt-10 bg-white dark:bg-slate-900 rounded-xl px-6 py-8 shadow-xl"
    >
      <h3 class="text-slate-900 dark:text-white font-medium tracking-tight">
        Title
      </h3>
      <p class="text-slate-500 dark:text-slate-400 mt-2 text-sm">
        Irure dolor ut excepteur ea cupidatat dolor dolore consectetur sit
        voluptate qui et deserunt.
      </p>
    </div>
    <div
      class="relative inline-block w-10 mr-2 mt-6 ml-6 align-middle select-none transition duration-200 ease-in"
    >
      <input
        type="checkbox"
        name="toggle"
        id="toggle"
        class="toggle-checkbox absolute block w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-white border-4 dark:bg-gray-700 appearance-none cursor-pointer"
      />
      <label
        for="toggle"
        class="toggle-label block overflow-hidden h-6 rounded-full bg-gray-300 cursor-pointer"
      ></label>
    </div>
    <script>
      document.getElementById("toggle").addEventListener("change", function () {
        if (this.checked) {
          document.documentElement.classList.add("dark");
        } else {
          document.documentElement.classList.remove("dark");
        }
      });
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

0x04 更好的開發環境

（1）基於 Tailwind CLI 構建環境

之前使用 CDN 的方式使用 Tailwind 並非生產的最佳選擇，Tailwind 還支援使用 Tailwind CLI 等方式

  1. 建立一個目錄作為 Tailwind 專案的根目錄

  2. 在該目錄下，使用命令 npm init -y 建立一個 package.json 作為包管理

  3. 使用命令 npm install -D tailwindcss 引入 Tailwind

  4. 使用命令 npx tailwindcss init 建立用於初始化 Tailwind 的配置檔案—— tailwind.config.js

  5. 修改 tailwind.config.js，允許 Tailwind 控制當前目錄下所有字尾為 html 的檔案

    /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */
module.exports = {
  content: ['./*.html'],
  theme: {
    extend: {},
  },
  plugins: [],
}

  6. 建立 input.css 作為主 CSS 檔案

    @tailwind base;
@tailwind components;
@tailwind utilities;

  7. 修改 package.json，配置指令實現開啟 Tailwind CLI 構建流程

    {
  // ...
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tailwindcss -i ./input.css -o ./css/style.css",
    "watch": "tailwindcss -i ./input.css -o ./css/style.css --watch",
    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
  },
  // ...
}

  8. 使用命令 npm run build 構建 CSS 檔案及其目錄

  9. 建立 index.html，其中引入生成的 style.css，並新增一個標籤使用 Tailwind

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css" />
    <title>Document</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1 class="text-3xl text-red-500">Tailwind CSS</h1>
  </body>
</html>

  10. 使用命令 npm run watch 實時使用 Tailwind 渲染頁面

（2）指令與函式

a. 指令

指令是 Tailwind 特定於可以在CSS中使用的規則，這些規則為 Tailwind 專案提供特殊的功能

  • @tailwind：用於插入 Tailwind 的基本（base）、元件（components）以及工具類（utilities）等

  • @apply：用於獲取工具類中的樣式

    h1 {
    @apply text-xl;
}

  • @layer：用於建立自定義樣式

    @layer base {
    h1 {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }
}
@layer components {
    btn-blue {
        @apply bg-blue-500 px-4 py-2 rounded-xl font-bold hover:bg-blue-700;
    }
}

  • @config：用於指定 Tailwind 在編譯該 CSS 檔案時應使用的配置檔案

    @config "./tailwind.input.config.js";

b. 函式

函式用於訪問 Tailwind 中的特定值，構建後會使用靜態值替換

  • theme()：可以使用點表示法訪問 Tailwind 配置值

    1. 修改 tailwind.config.js

      /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */
module.exports = {
  content: ['./*.html'],
  theme: {
    extend: {
      spacing: {
        128: '32rem'
      }
    },
  },
  plugins: [],
}

    2. 修改 input.css，引入 spacing-128

      .content {
  height: theme('spacing.128');
}

  • screen()：可以建立按名稱引用斷點的媒體查詢

    @media screen(xl) {
    body {
        @apply bg-black text-white;
    }
}

（3）使用 Webpack 與 PostCSS 環境

  • Webpack 是一個模組打包工具，可以將帶有依賴的模組打包成靜態資源，官網連結
  • PostCSS 是一個用 JavaScript 工具和外掛轉換 CSS 程式碼的工具，官網連結

  1. 建立一個目錄作為 Tailwind 專案的根目錄

  2. 在該目錄下，使用命令 npm init -y 建立一個 package.json 作為包管理

  3. 使用命令 npm install -D webpack webpack-cli webpack-dev-server style-loader css-loader postcss postcss-loader posscss-preset-env 安裝 Webpack 與 PostCSS 以及相關載入器

  4. 在根目錄建立 src 目錄，其中新建 index.js，作為 Webpack 的入口檔案

  5. 在根目錄建立 webpack.config.js 檔案，用於配置 Webpack

    const path = require('path')

module.exports = {
  mode: 'development',
  entry: './src/index.js',
  output: {
    path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
    filename: 'bundle.js',
  },
}

  6. 修改 package.json，配置指令實現開啟 Webpack 構建流程

    {
  // ...
  "scripts": {
    "build": "webpack"
  },
  // ...
}

  7. 使用命令 npm run build 構建主 Javascript 檔案及其目錄 dist

  8. 在 dist 目錄下，建立 index.html，其中引入生成的 bundle.js

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
    <title>Document</title>
    <script src="bundle.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1 class="text-3xl text-red-500">Tailwind CSS</h1>
  </body>
</html>

  9. 修改 webpack.config.js，設定 Webpack 開發伺服器，用於實時使用渲染頁面

    const path = require('path')

module.exports = {
  // ...
  devServer: {
    static: {
      directory: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
    },
    port: 9000,
    open: true,
    hot: true,
    compress: true,
    historyApiFallback: true,
  },
}

  10. 修改 package.json，配置指令實現開啟 Webpack 構建流程

    {
  // ...
  "scripts": {
    "build": "webpack",
    "dev": "webpack serve"
  },
  // ...
}

  11. 使用命令 npm run dev 開啟 Webpack 開發伺服器

  12. 修改 webpack.config.js，設定樣式載入器

    const path = require('path')

module.exports = {
  // ...
  module: {
    rules: [
      {
        test: /\.css$/i,
        include: path.resolve(__dirname, 'src'),
        use: ['style-loader', 'css-loader', 'postcss-loader'],
      },
    ],
  },
}

  13. 使用命令 npm install -D tailwindcss 引入 Tailwind

  14. 使用命令 npx tailwindcss init 建立用於初始化 Tailwind 的配置檔案—— tailwind.config.js

  15. 修改 tailwind.config.js，允許 Tailwind 控制當前目錄下所有字尾為 html 的檔案

    /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */
module.exports = {
  content: ['./dist/*.{html, js}'],
  theme: {
    extend: {},
  },
  plugins: [],
}

  16. 在根目錄建立 postcss.config.js 檔案，用於配置 PostCSS

    const tailwindcss = reuqire('tailwind');

module.exports = {
    plugins: [
        'postcss-preset-env',
        tailwindcss
    ],
};

  17. 在 src 目錄建立 style.css 作為主 CSS 檔案

    @tailwind base;
@tailwind components;
@tailwind utilities;

  18. 修改 src/index.js，將 style.css 新增到入口檔案

    import './style.css'

-End-

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